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The soldier caste has anatomical and behavioural specialisations, and their only real purpose is to defend the colony. Many soldiers have large heads with exceptionally altered powerful jaws so enlarged they cannot feed themselves. Instead, such as juveniles, they're fed by employees.5556 Fontanelles, easy holes in the eyebrow which exude defensive secretionsare a characteristic of the family Rhinotermitidae.57 Many species are easily identified using the characteristics of the soldiers' larger and darker head and large mandibles.53 Among certain termites, soldiers may utilize their globular (phragmotic) heads to obstruct their narrow tunnels.58 Different types of soldiers include minor and significant soldiers, and nasutes, that have a horn-like nozzle frontal projection (a nasus).53 These unique soldiers can spray noxious, sticky secretions containing diterpenes at their enemies.59 Nitrogen fixation plays an important part in nasute nutrition.60.

The reproductive caste of a mature colony includes a prosperous female and man, known as the queen and king.61 The queen of this colony is responsible for egg production for the colony. Unlike in ants, the king mates with her for life.62 In some species, the abdomen of the queen swells up dramatically to increase fecundity, a characteristic known as physogastrism.61 Depending on the species, the queen begins producing reproductive winged alates at a certain period of year, and huge swarms emerge in the colony when nuptial flight begins.

A young termite nymph. Nymphs first moult into employees, but others might further moult to become soldiers or alates.

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Termites are often compared with all the social Hymenoptera (ants and various species of bees and wasps), but their differing evolutionary origins result in significant differences in life span. In the eusocial Hymenoptera, the workers are exclusively female. Males (drones) are haploid and develop from unfertilised eggs, while females (both workers and the queen) are both diploid and grow from fertilised eggs.

Depending on species, male and female employees may have different functions in a termite colony.63.

The life cycle of a termite begins with an egg, but is different from that of a bee or ant in that it goes through a developmental process called incomplete metamorphosis, with egg, nymph and adult phases.64 Nymphs resemble small adults, and undergo a series of moults as they grow.

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The development of nymphs into adults can take months; the time period depends on food availability, temperature, and the general population of the colony. Since nymphs are unable to feed themselves, workers must feed them, but employees also take part in the social life of their colony and have certain different activities to accomplish such as foraging, building or maintaining the nest or tending to the queen.5367 Pheromones regulate the caste system in termite colonies, preventing all but a very few of those termites from becoming fertile queens.68.

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Queens of the eusocial termite Reticulitermes speratus are capable of a long lifespan without sacrificing fecundity. These long-lived queens have a significantly lower degree of oxidative damage, including oxidative DNA damage, than employees, soldiers and nymphs.69 The lower levels of harm appear to be due to increased catalase, an enzyme that protects against oxidative stress.69.

Termite alates only leave the colony when a nuptial flight takes place. Alate men and females pair up together and then land in search of a suitable spot for a colony.70 A termite king and queen do not mate until they find such a spot. When they do, they excavate a room large enough for both, close up the entrance and move to mate.70 After mating, the set never go outside and spend the rest of their lives in the nest.

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By way of example, alates in certain species appear during the day in summer while some emerge during the winter.71 The nuptial flight may also begin at dusk, when the alates swarm around regions with lots of lights. The time when nuptial flight begins depends on the environmental conditions, the time of day, humidity, wind speed and precipitation.71 The number of termites in a colony also varies, with the bigger species typically having 1001,000 individuals.

The queen only lays 1020 eggs in the very early stages of the colony, but places as many as 1,000 a day when the colony is several site web years old.53 At adulthood, a primary queen has a fantastic capability to lay eggs. In some species, the mature queen includes a greatly distended abdomen and may produce 40,000 eggs per day.72 Both mature ovaries may possess some 2,000 ovarioles every.73 The abdomen increases the you can find out more queen's body length to several times greater than prior to mating and reduces her ability to move freely; attendant workers offer assistance.

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